Escondida, the largest copper mine of them all, produced 6% of global output in 2016. Escondida's copper grade in 2007 was 1.72%. It's remaining copper reserve grade is a mere 0.52%. And, since ...Copper ore Processing method. In the copper ore crusher, the ore is broken into smaller pieces of less than 25 centimetres in diameter. Crushed ore is then loaded on to a conveyor belt which requires it to the storage bin. Inside the storage bin, ball mills and other grinding machine grind the ore till it is a fine powder.May 22, 2013 · Copper extraction process in chile; Double equipment; About Double; Double service; … control the size of the feed material between the crushing and grinding stages. crushing and concentration of copper. Copper beneficiation process – Mining, crushing, grinding, … Copper extraction techniques refers to the methods for refining copper from ... Material: copper ore ; Max. feed size: 900mm ; Final product size: 0-6mm ; Capacity: 100-120tph; Chile is rich in copper ore resources, last year, our client wanted to set up a copper ore crushing plant, but they need s 100-120 ton mobile plant, then we choose the mobile jaw crusher and mobile cone crusher, now the plant is operating well in ... May 21, 2017 · Grinding and Flotation. Fine ore at minus 19mm (¾”) sizing is fed at a controlled rate into the open-circuit 2600mm x 3960mm (8’-6 x 13’-0) Hardinge rod mill at an average feed rate of 2,106 STPD or 87.75 STRH. Rod mill discharge at a nominal size of minus 16 mesh and a pulp density of 75 percent solids combines with ball mill discharge ... Liming® provide mine cone crusher for large-scale mine in Chile,We provide complete sets cone crushing plant for sale for mining … Spring Cone Crusher; Hydraulic Cone … Spring cone crusher – 280-480t/h | PYB1750 – Zhengzhou …Feb 24, 2023 · 1.Jaw crusher: This is a primary crusher used for crushing large rocks or ore. It uses a compressive force to break the material into smaller pieces. 2.Gyratory crusher: This is another primary ... » 600 TPH – 800 TPH Stone Crusher Plant ; Contact Us. Tel: 86-21-58386256; Office Add: Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China. Postcode: 201201; E-mail: [email protected] Random Read » LM Vertical Mill » Limestone Grinding in Belgium » Slag processing plant » Copper Ore Crushing Plant in Chile Crushing plant in Chile can process ores and construction waste with a capacity of 35-450tph. Nowadays, Chile high quality heavy duty crusher plant has become increasingly popular among many industries. Stone Crushing Plant With Capacity 40-60 TPH; Stone Crushing Plant With Capacity 100-120 TPH; Stone Crushing Plant With Capacity 150-180 TPH; Stone Crushing Plant With Capacity 200-250 TPH; Stone Crushing Plant With Capacity 300-350 TPH; Stone Crushing Plant With Capacity 350-400 TPH; Stone Crushing Plant With Capacity 500-600 TPHlow zinc (Zn) ore was fed to the plant. Marketable copper concentrate at 91-95% recovery was produced utilizing a high-pH bulk sulphide rougher flotation and 2 cleaning stages. Because of increased levels of Zn of the ore body, a Cu/Zn separation circuit was initiated in early 2010 following an intensive laboratory test work program.Dec 7, 2021 · This JXSC Processing plant Setup is Rock Copper Gravity Separation Plant. Complete set includes Feeding Hopper, Chute Feeder, Rough Jaw crusher, Fine Jaw crusher, Hammer crusher, belt conveyor, Copper Concentration Shaking table, etc. The Chute Feeder is for feeding rock raw material more stably and smoothly to a primary Jaw crusher, Primary ... In 2011, the clients contacted our sales person in Chile branch office. The clients wanted to set up a copper ore crushing plant with the following requirements: Material: copper ore Max. feed size: 900mm Final product size: 0-6mm Capacity: 100-120tph Copper Ore Crushing Plant Mining Crushing Grinding. Copper ore crushing plant will be the crucial machine because copper ore can only be used if it was processed into powder and copper ore crusher is within the 1st a part of the procedure Because the hardness of copper ore in between two and 25 aggregate crushing plant can procedure the copper ... A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy steel ( iron -shod wood in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by cams on a horizontal rotating shaft. As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is ...Chile copper ore benefication industry grows faster and gains more profits. And Copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality whether in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. copper crushing plant in Chile. Copper crushing plant mainly consist of jaw crusher, cone crusher, mobile crusher, vibrating feeder, impact crusher ...Introduction of South Africa Vanadium Mining. The reserve of vanadium is about 60 to 70 million tons in the world, of which South Africa accounted for 20%. There are about 300 million tons vanadium reserves in South Africa, accounting for 23.1% of total world reserves, ranking third in the world. Most of them existed in Bushveld Complex.The Copper Crusher is a geometric hammer found in the Nightfall campaign as well as the Eye of the North expansion. Acquisition Core. Zaishen Chest. Get price and support, find the working site in your country ! Please enter your demand such as production capacity, feeding material size, final product size.A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. On average 20 million tonnes of copper ore will be mined each year, producing an average of 500,000 tonnes of copper concentrate each year. The copper concentrate will be transported by road to the Zambian Copperbelt or elsewhere in Southern Africa for further processing to copper cathode.The grinding media use is typically 1 kg steel/t ore, and assuming 2 t CO2e/t steel consumed, this results in about 0.3 – 0.6 t CO2e/t Cu produced of embedded emissions. This means that copper in concentrate production at an open pit mine site typically results in around 5.5 – 9.5 t CO2e/t Cu if powered by diesel and coal fired power, and ...Contribute to brblmd/sbm development by creating an account on GitHub. Copper ore tailings raw materials are sent to the raw material warehouse by forklift or dump truck, and then evenly fed to the jaw crusher through the vibrating feeder, and the material is crushed to a particle size of about 150mm, and then conveyed to the cone crusher through the belt The crushed material is classified by the vibrating screen ... Manganese and Copper Ore Crushing Plant. Nowadays, lots of manganese and copper ore investors have inquired SBM about the ore crushing equipment, and the most popular crushing equipment is the jaw crusher and impact crusher which features low power consumption and uniform particle size. Contribute to dihog/sbm development by creating an account on GitHub.low zinc (Zn) ore was fed to the plant. Marketable copper concentrate at 91-95% recovery was produced utilizing a high-pH bulk sulphide rougher flotation and 2 cleaning stages. Because of increased levels of Zn of the ore body, a Cu/Zn separation circuit was initiated in early 2010 following an intensive laboratory test work program. Material: copper ore ; Max. feed size: 900mm ; Final product size: 0-6mm ; Capacity: 100-120tph; Chile is rich in copper ore resources, last year, our client wanted to set up a copper ore crushing plant, but they need s 100-120 ton mobile plant, then we choose the mobile jaw crusher and mobile cone crusher, now the plant is operating well in ...And it can crush all kinds of ores, such as iron ore, copper ore, gold ore, and so on. Besides, gold ore crushers can be widely used in mining, smelting, building material, road, railway, water conservancy, chemical industry, and many other industries. Classifications of Ore Crusher: However, the ore crushing machine is not a specific crusher.A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy steel ( iron -shod wood in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by cams on a horizontal rotating shaft. As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is ...Copper Ore Crushing Plant in Chile - YouTube Peruvian mining group Compañía Minera Milpo S.A.A. is engaged in the mining of copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc in Peru and Chile. The firm has three mining units in Peru: El Porvenir and Atacocha in Pasco region and Cerro Lindo in Ica region.Sep 10, 2013 · The Copper Crusher is a geometric hammer found in the Nightfall campaign as well as the Eye of the North expansion. Acquisition Core. Zaishen Chest. Get price and support, find the working site in your country ! Please enter your demand such as production capacity, feeding material size, final product size. Aug 12, 2013 · Copper ore Processing method. In the copper ore crusher, the ore is broken into smaller pieces of less than 25 centimetres in diameter. Crushed ore is then loaded on to a conveyor belt which requires it to the storage bin. Inside the storage bin, ball mills and other grinding machine grind the ore till it is a fine powder. Manganese Minerals in Ghana. Ghana is one of the world's leading exporters of manganese. Of the 1.6 million metric tons of manganese ore produced in 2006, about 52%was shipped to Ukraine; 37%was shipped to China; and the remaining 184,000 t was exported to Norway. The history of manganese ore production in Ghana dates back to 1914, when ... A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy steel ( iron -shod wood in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by cams on a horizontal rotating shaft. As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is ...A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy steel ( iron -shod wood in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by cams on a horizontal rotating shaft. As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is ...Machine. hazards and risks caused by crushing plant. hazard identification and risk analysis in mining industry ethesis equipment and inrushes of water into the mine causing inundation. Hazard identification and risk. associated with an activity and establishing a level of risk for each hazard. The hazards cannot be ..Material: copper ore ; Max. feed size: 900mm ; Final product size: 0-6mm ; Capacity: 100-120tph; Chile is rich in copper ore resources, last year, our client wanted to set up a copper ore crushing plant, but they need s 100-120 ton mobile plant, then we choose the mobile jaw crusher and mobile cone crusher, now the plant is operating well in ...Crushing plant in Chile can process ores and construction waste with a capacity of 35-450tph. Nowadays, Chile high quality heavy duty crusher plant has become increasingly popular among many industries. Manganese and Copper Ore Crushing Plant. Nowadays, lots of manganese and copper ore investors have inquired SBM about the ore crushing equipment, and the most popular crushing equipment is the jaw crusher and impact crusher which features low power consumption and uniform particle size.Advantages: 1. Only one section of coarse crushing is required, minimizing the crushing stages. Shorter flowchart, less equipment. And that means less blockage of equipment. 2. With less equipment, the cobalt processing plant occupies a smaller area, reducing the cost of land acquisition. 3.A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy steel ( iron -shod wood in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by cams on a horizontal rotating shaft. As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is ... In 2011, the clients contacted our sales person in Chile branch office. The clients wanted to set up a copper ore crushing plant with the following requirements: Material: copper ore Max. feed size: 900mm Final product size: 0-6mm Capacity: 100-120tph chile mine rescue equipment used. Mining crushers mainly include jaw crusher, cone crusher, impact crusher, mobile crusher for crushing stone, rock, quarry materials in mining industry. Category: Uncategorized. « used mining crushing plants for sale. used mobile crushing plant capacity 40 to 60 tons ».Copper Ore. Copper is mainly used in manufacturing of electrical equipment, construction such as roofing and plumbing as well as industrial materials such as thermal converter and alloys. For copper ore beneficiation, there are multiple stages including crushing, grinding, classification and separation.Feb 24, 2023 · 1.Jaw crusher: This is a primary crusher used for crushing large rocks or ore. It uses a compressive force to break the material into smaller pieces. 2.Gyratory crusher: This is another primary ... Copper ore dressing equipment production line consists of jaw crusher, ball mill, spiral grader, magnetic separator, flotation machine, concentrator and dryer. Cooperate to the feeder hoist, conveyors can be composed of complete mineral processing production line of Chile Copper Ore Grinding Plant .Shibang China. Published Mar 16, 2023. + Follow. The process of crushing copper ore is a multi-stage process that involves breaking down the ore into smaller pieces and gradually reducing the size ...Copper Ore Ore Crushing Solutions Dsmac. The high copper prices of recent years are producingubstantial supply response. copper orealuable mineral source for all countries. the biggest copper mines are in chile and north america, every year many thousands of tonnes of copper ore were produced, the copper ores are extracted by either traditional mining open pit or underground or by leaching ...May 22, 2013 · Copper extraction process in chile; Double equipment; About Double; Double service; … control the size of the feed material between the crushing and grinding stages. crushing and concentration of copper. Copper beneficiation process – Mining, crushing, grinding, … Copper extraction techniques refers to the methods for refining copper from ... Most copper ore is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include: Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, US. Zambia Copper Ore Crushing Plant suppliers First the copper ore is blasted,…Sep 11, 2012 · Whether in the copper mines copper mining the open air or underground copper mine. First, copper ore, sandblasted, and shipment to the primary crusher. Then, ore crushing, screening, fine sulfide ore flotation foam unit for the recovery of copper. In the primary crusher, ore broken into small pieces less than 25 cm in diameter. Stone crusher applies in Chile copper,gold and silver mining … Chile Stone Crusher Mineral Processing introduction: … Oxide ore is crushed and sized then heap leached, the dissolved copper being recovered directly by electrolysis.Jul 17, 2013 · Chile is the world’s 3rd largest copper mining investment destination. … InvestmentMine Mining News, Commodity Prices, Company Reports, … Lithium Mining Companies – Investment Advice and Stock Market … Find out more about our primary crushing plants and take a look at our references for semi-mobile crushing plants in Chile, the UK and Kazakhstan. Please watch our video "Crusher relocation" here: Crushing Plants - Relocation in 2015 of an ~800 ton TAKRAF semi-mobile crushing plant, commissioned in 2004, at the Old Cliffe Hill Quarry open pit ...As for so much economic significance of tin ore, tin ore mining plant in Peru is very popular. In tin ore mining plant, some mining machines are at demands, such as jaw crusher, cone crusher, impact crusher, grinding machines as well as some ancillary equipment. All these machines have their own characteristics.Copper ore tailings raw materials are sent to the raw material warehouse by forklift or dump truck, and then evenly fed to the jaw crusher through the vibrating feeder, and the material is crushed to a particle size of about 150mm, and then conveyed to the cone crusher through the belt The crushed material is classified by the vibrating screen ... Copper ore Processing method. In the copper ore crusher, the ore is broken into smaller pieces of less than 25 centimetres in diameter. Crushed ore is then loaded on to a conveyor belt which requires it to the storage bin. Inside the storage bin, ball mills and other grinding machine grind the ore till it is a fine powder.As the hardness of copper ore between 2 and 2.5, aggregate crushing plant can process the copper ore as easy as turning its hand over. As to the application, not only can our copper ore crusher process copper ore, but can it also process stones like limestone, sandstone, pebble, basalt, bauxite, marble, gypsum, dolomite, kaolin, iron ore ...Copper Ore Screening Machine,Vibrating Screen… We are a world wide leader in supplying the needs of the copper ore mineral mining industry. If you want quarry crusher, ore ... Chile Copper Crusher Processing America Copper Ore Crushing Line Congo Copper Ore Crusher Machine [ Get Price ] Chile Copper Ore Dressing Production Line - China… Feb 16, 2017 · Mining trucks at Codelco’s Chuquicamata copper mine in Chile. Haul truck fleets are more flexible than IPCC systems, but are expensive to operate. ... largest mobile crushing plant to Altay ... The grinding media use is typically 1 kg steel/t ore, and assuming 2 t CO2e/t steel consumed, this results in about 0.3 – 0.6 t CO2e/t Cu produced of embedded emissions. This means that copper in concentrate production at an open pit mine site typically results in around 5.5 – 9.5 t CO2e/t Cu if powered by diesel and coal fired power, and ...Apr 3, 2000 · Ore processing. Copper is recovered by heap leaching followed by solvent-extraction and electrowinning to produce high-grade cathode copper. There are four major processing components: A crushing plant reduces the ore size; A heap-leach operation dissolves the copper, using chemical and bacteriological agents Apr 3, 2000 · Ore processing. Copper is recovered by heap leaching followed by solvent-extraction and electrowinning to produce high-grade cathode copper. There are four major processing components: A crushing plant reduces the ore size; A heap-leach operation dissolves the copper, using chemical and bacteriological agents Advantages: 1. Only one section of coarse crushing is required, minimizing the crushing stages. Shorter flowchart, less equipment. And that means less blockage of equipment. 2. With less equipment, the cobalt processing plant occupies a smaller area, reducing the cost of land acquisition. 3.Used Copper Ore Crushing Machine Suppliers,Copper Crusher …. As a way major copper mining crushing equipment manufacturer in China, we can supply my business clients with jaw breaker, cone crusher, impact breaker and industrial ….Jul 18, 2013 · Posts Related to copper ore crusher machine specs copper ore to copper concentrate Copper extraction techniques – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The copper ore is crushed and ground to a size such that an acceptably high degree of … equipment for… » 600 TPH – 800 TPH Stone Crusher Plant ; Contact Us. Tel: 86-21-58386256; Office Add: Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China. Postcode: 201201; E-mail: [email protected] Random Read » LM Vertical Mill » Limestone Grinding in Belgium » Slag processing plant » Copper Ore Crushing Plant in ChileCopper Ore Crushing Plant in Chile - YouTube Peruvian mining group Compañía Minera Milpo S.A.A. is engaged in the mining of copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc in Peru and Chile. The firm has three mining units in Peru: El Porvenir and Atacocha in Pasco region and Cerro Lindo in Ica region. Copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore (less than 1% copper) and ends with sheets of 99.99% pure copper called cathodes, which will ultimately be made into products for everyday use.The most common types of ore, copper oxide and copper sulfide, undergo two different processes, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, respectively, due to the different ...Copper ore introduction in Chile. Porphyry copper deposits are currently the largest source of copper ore. Most of the known porphyry are concentrated in: western South and North America and Southeast Asia and Oceana - along the Pacific Ring of Fire; the Caribbean; southern central Europe and the area around eastern Turkey; scattered areas in China, the Mideast, Russia, and the CIS states; and ...Sep 10, 2013 · The Copper Crusher is a geometric hammer found in the Nightfall campaign as well as the Eye of the North expansion. Acquisition Core. Zaishen Chest. Get price and support, find the working site in your country ! Please enter your demand such as production capacity, feeding material size, final product size. Material: copper ore ; Max. feed size: 900mm ; Final product size: 0-6mm ; Capacity: 100-120tph; Chile is rich in copper ore resources, last year, our client wanted to set up a copper ore crushing plant, but they need s 100-120 ton mobile plant, then we choose the mobile jaw crusher and mobile cone crusher, now the plant is operating well in ...More. AbstractCopper slag is produced in large amounts in seven copper smelter plants in Chile, and it is estimated that around four million tons of slag are disposed every year, and another 40–45 million tons are historically cumulated. Copper slag contains iron in the range of 42–45%, which can be recovered and recycled along with the ...Responsive Multipurpose HTML5 Business Template. 100TPH Rock Copper & Cobalt Ore Process Plant In Congo - JXSC. Aug 19, 2019· Raw Material: copper oxide ore Capacity: 100TPH Country: Congo Feeding size: 0-300mm Raw mineral description: Mineral composition: copper 1.8-2% and don't kown the cobalt content.Generally the copper ore beneficiation plant is consisted of jaw crushers, ball mills, classifier, magnetic separator, flotation machine, concentrator and dryer equipment, equipped with rock feeder, hoist and conveyors to compose a complete copper ore dressing production line. Our engineers will be responsible for the crushing, Grinding ...Feb 22, 2017 · Grab-sampling by an interested party, at its best, is only a prejudiced conjecture, while at its worst it gives rise to the most unscrupulous practices with which the ore-producer and the mining-investor have to deal. Shovel-sampling, another archaic method which is still used in some localities, consists in throwing out from the car or wagon ... Responsive Multipurpose HTML5 Business Template. 100TPH Rock Copper & Cobalt Ore Process Plant In Congo - JXSC. Aug 19, 2019· Raw Material: copper oxide ore Capacity: 100TPH Country: Congo Feeding size: 0-300mm Raw mineral description: Mineral composition: copper 1.8-2% and don't kown the cobalt content.low zinc (Zn) ore was fed to the plant. Marketable copper concentrate at 91-95% recovery was produced utilizing a high-pH bulk sulphide rougher flotation and 2 cleaning stages. Because of increased levels of Zn of the ore body, a Cu/Zn separation circuit was initiated in early 2010 following an intensive laboratory test work program. Nov 16, 2020 · Projects November 16 2020 Candelaria Copper Mining Complex The Candelaria mining complex includes the Candelaria and Ojos del Salado copper mining operations in the Atacama region, Chile. The mines produce copper concentrates from open-pit and underground mines. Producer of Copper Location Chile Mine Type Underground and open-pit Reserves
Copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore (less than 1% copper) and ends with sheets of 99.99% pure copper called cathodes, which will ultimately be made into products for everyday use.The most common types of ore, copper oxide and copper sulfide, undergo two different processes, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, respectively, due to the different ... . Albright painting and construction llc
Copper Ball Mill for Sale Chile,Copper Ore Portable Screening Plant; Our copper ore processing machine are widely used to process marble , granite , iron ore ,copper … Used Stone Crushing Machine for Sale Thailand,Used Stone …tailings have been stockpiled or discarded in Chile, assuming a copper grade of 2% (most probably lower, leading to even more tailings). In many cases, the tailings still contain some copper and possibly other metals of value with potential for recovery [4–6]. The ore processing technology has improved significantly over the last decades ...The choice of copper-ore processing technology depends on its composition, i.e., the sulfide, oxide, carbonate, and copper silicate content. Leaders in copper ore processing include Chile, Peru, the United States, Australia, China, Russia, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Zambia, and Congo. Chile accounted for almost a third of global copper produc-tion in ...Mining trucks at Codelco’s Chuquicamata copper mine in Chile. Haul truck fleets are more flexible than IPCC systems, but are expensive to operate. ... largest mobile crushing plant to Altay ...Copper Ore Crushing Company Chile - forourloveoflife - Copper Ore Crushing, Grinding & Flotation. nickel 80%–85% copper extraction was commonly achieved.Nearby the Primary Crusher Plant but they need s 100-120 ton …In 2011000 mt from the previous 200 then we choose the mobile jaw crusher and mobile cone …The clients wanted to set up a copper ore crushing plant with the following ...Nigeria Mining Week, 14-16 October 2019, Abuja, Nigeria ... 4. African Natural Resources and Mines Ltd plans to operate a 5 million tons per annum integrated iron ore mining processing and steel production plant, with a 35 megawatts power plant for captive consumption – a $600 million project in Kaduna State. barite bentonite processing ...Dec 9, 2013 · Jaw Crusher and Grinder manufacturer Zenith’s products include kinds of Crushing Plant and Grinding Plant for mining, such as Jaw Crusher, Cone Crusher, Impact Crusher. Copper Mining Equipment Chile,Portable Screening Plant,Ball Mill … Oct 1, 2021 · Copper ore is extracted from the mine and a first size reduction stage is used to transport the ore for further processing. Pyro-metallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes are used to treat copper ores. As Fig. 2 shows, in the pyro-metallurgy process, copper-sulfide ores are ground to liberate Cu-minerals. After that, it is concentrated by ... Material: copper ore ; Max. feed size: 900mm ; Final product size: 0-6mm ; Capacity: 100-120tph; Chile is rich in copper ore resources, last year, our client wanted to set up a copper ore crushing plant, but they need s 100-120 ton mobile plant, then we choose the mobile jaw crusher and mobile cone crusher, now the plant is operating well in ...Sep 5, 2023 · By James Attwood. September 5, 2023 at 6:30 AM PDT. Artificial intelligence and machine learning help explain a pickup in production at Chile’s Escondida copper mine, the world’s largest, as ... Posts Related to copper ore crusher machine specs copper ore to copper concentrate Copper extraction techniques – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The copper ore is crushed and ground to a size such that an acceptably high degree of … equipment for…Contribute to brblmd/sbm development by creating an account on GitHub..